the base fee is set to 0.000005 SOL per signature
Given that an epoch typically spans 2 to 3 days (generally closer to 2 days), the annual cost for voting transactions is ~300-350 SOL, translating to ~1 SOL per day.
A validator’s income consists of three primary sources:
- Inflation commission
- Block rewards
- MEV
Validators participating in consensus receive rewards (in SOL) to incentivize participation. These rewards are paid via inflation. Inflation increases the total outstanding token supply and issues these newly minted tokens to validators.
Solana Validator Economics: A Primer solana validator solana